Drop Python 3.9

.github/workflows/build-and-test.yml

@@ -144,7 +144,6 @@ jobs:
         - windows-latest
         - windows-11-arm
         python-version:
-        - '3.9'
         - '3.10'
         - '3.11'
         - '3.12'
@@ -153,8 +152,6 @@ jobs:
 
         # CPython ships no Windows ARM64 build before 3.11.
         exclude:
-        - os: windows-11-arm
-          python-version: '3.9'
         - os: windows-11-arm
           python-version: '3.10'
 

AGENTS.md

@@ -350,9 +350,12 @@ The binding builds with `-Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic`, `/W4 /WX` on MSVC.
 
 Indentation is tabs, on both sides. Lines stay within 80 columns.
 
-The package targets Python 3.9, so `from __future__ import annotations` goes
-at the top of every module that annotates anything, and `X | None` is written
-only under it.
+`from __future__ import annotations` goes at the top of every module that
+annotates anything, so that no annotation is evaluated at import. That is what
+lets one name something imported only under `TYPE_CHECKING`, as
+`em/image/_functions.py` does with numpy, which the package does not depend on
+at run time. Python 3.14 defers annotations by itself; until 3.13 is dropped,
+the import is what does it.
 
 Module-level state uses two leading underscores — `__pool`, `__default_catalog`,
 `__local`. Python mangles nothing at module scope, so this is a convention
@@ -432,11 +435,9 @@ share them.
 files are collected by pytest from where they are, so moving one needs no
 change to CMake.
 
-numpy is a test requirement, pinned per Python version from 2.0 to 2.5, and
-it takes and gives versioned DLPack tensors only from 2.1 on. A test that
-needs that carries the `numpy_speaks_dlpack_1` mark and is skipped on Python
-3.9. What the binding itself does with a versioned or a read-only tensor is
-tested with the hand-made one, on every version.
+numpy is a test requirement, pinned per Python version from 2.2 to 2.5, all of
+which take and give versioned DLPack tensors. What the binding itself does
+with a versioned or a read-only tensor is tested with the hand-made one.
 
 torch and JAX are not test requirements. A test that needs one starts with
 `pytest.importorskip`, so it runs where the library is installed and is
@@ -454,8 +455,8 @@ skipped in CI.
 `build_with_cmake` covers Linux with gcc and clang, macOS, and Windows on both
 architectures; it exists to keep the plain CMake path working and to produce
 the compilation database the scanner reads. `build_with_pip` is the one that
-runs the tests, across five platforms and Python 3.9 through 3.14, minus the
-Windows ARM entries for the versions CPython never shipped there.
+runs the tests, across five platforms and Python 3.10 through 3.14, minus
+Windows ARM on 3.10, which CPython never shipped there.
 
 Both build rexlib first, into a prefix outside the project, and point the
 build at it with `rexlib_ROOT`. It is the bulk of the wall clock, and ccache

pyproject.toml

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 requires = [
     "scikit-build-core==1.0.3",
     "pybind11-stubgen==2.5.5",
-    "numpy==2.0.2; python_version < '3.10' and platform_machine != 'ARM64'",
     "numpy==2.2.6; python_version == '3.10' and platform_machine != 'ARM64'",
     "numpy==2.4.6; python_version == '3.11'",
     "numpy==2.5.3; python_version >= '3.12'",
@@ -25,7 +24,6 @@ classifiers = [
     "Programming Language :: Python",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only",
-    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
@@ -37,17 +35,15 @@ classifiers = [
 readme = {file = "README.md", content-type = "text/markdown"}
 license = "GPL-3.0-only"
 
-requires-python = ">=3.9"
+requires-python = ">=3.10"
 dependencies = []
 
 [project.optional-dependencies]
 test = [
-    "numpy==2.0.2; python_version < '3.10' and platform_machine != 'ARM64'",
     "numpy==2.2.6; python_version == '3.10' and platform_machine != 'ARM64'",
     "numpy==2.4.6; python_version == '3.11'",
     "numpy==2.5.3; python_version >= '3.12'",
-    "pytest==8.4.2; python_version < '3.10'",
-    "pytest==9.1.1; python_version >= '3.10'",
+    "pytest==9.1.1",
     "pytest-cov==7.1.0",
     "ruff==0.16.9",
 ]

python/rexlib/_device.py

@@ -3,15 +3,17 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from types import TracebackType
-from typing import Union
 
 from ._context import _set_active_execution_context, get_active_execution_context
 from ._binding import dispatch, hardware
 from ._session_pool import get_pooled_device_session
 
-DeviceSpec = Union[
-	str, hardware.DeviceIndex, hardware.DeviceSession, hardware.DeviceContext
-]
+DeviceSpec = (
+	str
+	| hardware.DeviceIndex
+	| hardware.DeviceSession
+	| hardware.DeviceContext
+)
 
 def _resolve_device_context(spec: DeviceSpec) -> hardware.DeviceContext:
 	if isinstance(spec, hardware.DeviceContext):

renovate.json

@@ -45,20 +45,6 @@
       "matchDepNames": ["python", "gigabit-clowns/.github"],
       "enabled": false
     },
-    {
-      "description": "Cap the pytest 3.9 pin to releases that still support 3.9; 9.0.0 raised requires-python to >=3.10.",
-      "matchDepNames": ["pytest"],
-      "matchCurrentVersion": "<9",
-      "constraints": { "python": "3.9" },
-      "constraintsFiltering": "strict"
-    },
-    {
-      "description": "Cap the numpy 3.9 pin to releases that still support 3.9; 2.1.0 raised requires-python to >=3.10.",
-      "matchDepNames": ["numpy"],
-      "matchCurrentVersion": "<2.1",
-      "constraints": { "python": "3.9" },
-      "constraintsFiltering": "strict"
-    },
     {
       "description": "Cap the numpy 3.10 pin to releases that still support 3.10; 2.3.0 raised requires-python to >=3.11.",
       "matchDepNames": ["numpy"],

ruff.toml

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-target-version = "py39"
+target-version = "py310"
 
 include = [
     "python/**/*.py",

scripts/check_wheels_agree.py

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ def main(directory: str) -> int:
                 print(f"  {wheel.name}: size {len(other)}, expected {len(reference)}")
                 failed = True
                 continue
-            differing = sum(a != b for a, b in zip(reference, other))
+            differing = sum(a != b for a, b in zip(reference, other, strict=True))
             verdict = "ok" if differing <= TOLERANCE else "DIFFERS"
             print(f"  {wheel.name}: {differing} byte(s) differ - {verdict}")
             failed |= differing > TOLERANCE

sonar-project.properties

@@ -8,5 +8,5 @@ sonar.issue.ignore.multicriteria=pybind_operators
 sonar.issue.ignore.multicriteria.pybind_operators.ruleKey=cpp:S1764
 sonar.issue.ignore.multicriteria.pybind_operators.resourceKey=src/**
 sonar.cfamily.compile-commands=build/compile_commands.json
-sonar.python.version=3.9,3.10,3.11,3.12,3.13,3.14
+sonar.python.version=3.10,3.11,3.12,3.13,3.14
 sonar.python.coverage.reportPaths=coverage.xml

tests/ndarray/test_dlpack.py

@@ -17,11 +17,6 @@
 FLOAT32_PAIR = (2, 32, 2)
 READ_ONLY = 1
 
-numpy_speaks_dlpack_1 = pytest.mark.skipif(
-	numpy.lib.NumpyVersion(numpy.__version__) < '2.1.0',
-	reason='numpy takes and gives versioned tensors from 2.1 on'
-)
-
 DATA_TYPES = [
 	(rexlib.NumericalType.boolean, numpy.bool_),
 	(rexlib.NumericalType.int8, numpy.int8),
@@ -220,7 +215,6 @@ def test_the_capsule_is_versioned_for_a_consumer_that_can_take_it(
 	capsule = array.__dlpack__(max_version=(1, 0))
 	assert '"dltensor_versioned"' in repr(capsule)
 
-@numpy_speaks_dlpack_1
 def test_numpy_takes_a_versioned_capsule(__setup_context):
 	array = __setup_full([2, 3], 2.5, __setup_context)
 	exported = Exported(array.__dlpack__(max_version=(1, 0)))
@@ -388,7 +382,6 @@ def test_the_source_is_asked_for_what_the_caller_wants(copy):
 	assert source.requested['max_version'][0] == 1
 	del array
 
-@numpy_speaks_dlpack_1
 def test_numpy_copies_when_asked_to():
 	source = numpy.arange(6, dtype=numpy.float32)
 	copied = numpy.asarray(rexlib.from_dlpack(source, copy=True))
@@ -424,7 +417,6 @@ def test_a_read_only_tensor_is_refused_when_no_copy_is_allowed():
 		rexlib.from_dlpack(source, copy=False)
 	assert source.released == 0
 
-@numpy_speaks_dlpack_1
 def test_a_read_only_array_of_numpy_is_copied():
 	source = numpy.arange(6, dtype=numpy.float32)
 	source.flags.writeable = False