Add AQI documentation to remaining PM sensors

[jasstrong]

Description:

Adds Air Quality Index (AQI) documentation to 7 additional particulate matter sensors, following the same pattern established in #5703 for pmsx003 and hm3301.

Updated documentation for the following sensors to include AQI configuration:

• pm2005
• sen5x
• sds011
• sps30
• pmsa003i
• gcja5
• sm300d2

Each sensor doc now includes:

• AQI example in the YAML configuration block
• aqi configuration variable documentation with a link to the detailed AQI explanation in the pmsx003 docs

Pull request in esphome with YAML changes (if applicable):

• Add AQI calculation support to remaining PM sensors esphome#12602

Checklist:

• I am merging into next because this is new documentation that has a matching pull-request in esphome as linked above.
  or

• I am merging into current because this is a fix, change and/or adjustment in the current documentation and is not for a new component or feature.

• Link added in /components/_index.md when creating new documents for new components or cookbook.

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