Notes: standardized 24‑hour rainfall (mm) from an official met service, scientific paper, or widely cited technical summary. Ranges reflect the source’s 24‑hour reporting for specific gauges in the worst‑hit areas.

• Valencia (Turís), Spain — 2024‑10‑29. 771 mm / 24 h (DANA); Spain daily record. Source: AEMET/MITECO — https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/prensa/ultimas-noticias/2024/noviembre/octubre-de-2024-fue-el-mas-lluvioso-de-la-serie-historica.html

• Chennai, India — 2015‑12‑01. 494 mm / 24 h (city gauge). Sources: IMD — https://nwp.imd.gov.in/NWP-CHENNAI-RAINFALL-REPORT-2015.pdf ; AMS — https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/146/4/mwr-d-16-0473.1.xml

• Simbach am Inn, Germany — 2016‑06‑01. >180 mm / 24 h locally. Source: DWD bulletin — https://rcccm.dwd.de/EN/ourservices/ravibulletinjahr/archiv/bulletin_2016.pdf

• Mumbai (Santacruz), India — 2017‑08‑29/30. 331.4 mm / 24 h (08:30–08:30 IST). Source: IMD via ET — https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/at-331-4-mm-mumbai-gets-heaviest-rainfall-since-2005-deluge/articleshow/60293600.cms

• Western Japan (Motoyama, Kōchi) — 2018‑07‑06/07. 584 mm / 24 h. Source: JMA summary — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Japan_floods

• Aude (Trèbes), France — 2018‑10‑14/15. ≈295 mm ~12 h (daily similar). Source: Météo‑France — https://meteofrance.com/magazine/meteo-histoire/les-grands-evenements/14-15-octobre-2018-inondations-catastrophiques-sur-laude

• Jakarta (Halim), Indonesia — 2020‑01‑01. 377 mm / 24 h. Sources: FloodList — https://floodlist.com/asia/indonesia-floods-jakarta-january-2020 ; AGU — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2022GL101513

• Kyushu, Japan — 2020‑07‑04…07. Up to 496 mm / 24 h. Source: Ocean Dynamics — https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10236-023-01551-1

• W. Germany/Belgium (Köln‑Stammheim) — 2021‑07‑14/15. ~154 mm / 24 h. Source: overview — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_European_floods

• Henan (Zhengzhou), China — 2021‑07‑20. ~617 mm / 24 h; 201.9 mm in 1 h. Sources: case study — https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375619257_Managing_Extreme_Rainfall_and_Flooding_Events_A_Case_Study_of_the_20_July_2021_Zhengzhou_Flood_in_China ; background — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Henan_floods

• Seoul (Dongjak), South Korea — 2022‑08‑08/09. 381.5 mm / 24 h. Sources: KMA/press — https://www.koreaherald.com/article/2931287 ; https://apnews.com/article/3c4d984d7f8f964ad6d98d63bdd7fc74

• Sindh (Padidan), Pakistan — 2022‑08‑19. 355 mm / 24 h. Source: PMD — https://cdpc.pmd.gov.pk/Pakistan_Monthly_Climate_Summary_August_2022.pdf

• KwaZulu‑Natal, South Africa — 2022‑04‑11/12. >300 mm / 24 h (several gauges). Sources: Atmosphere — https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/1/78 ; JBA — https://www.jbarisk.com/knowledge-hub/event-response/south-africa-kwazulu-natal-floods/

• Auckland, New Zealand — 2023‑01‑27. ~245–280 mm / 24 h. Sources: NIWA — https://niwa.co.nz/news/auckland-suffers-wettest-month-history ; Review — https://tewaihanga.govt.nz/media/oeapj3qb/the-2023-auckland-anniversary-weekend-storm.pdf

• Emilia‑Romagna, Italy — 2023‑05‑16/17. Up to 180–200+ mm / 24 h. Source: CIMA — https://www.cimafoundation.org/en/news/the-italian-floods-of-may-2023-a-scientific-analysis/

• Pelion (Zagora), Greece — 2023‑09‑05/06. ~754 mm / 24 h. Sources: press — https://greekcitytimes.com/2023/09/06/rain-record-in-greece-was-broken/ ; Guardian — https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/sep/08/weather-tracker-omega-block-brings-torrential-rain-to-greece-and-spain

• Hong Kong SAR — 2023‑09‑07/08. 638.5 mm / 24 h (HKO HQ). Source: HKO — https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/wxinfo/pastwx/mws2023/mws202309.htm

• New York City (JFK), USA — 2023‑09‑29. 8.65 in ≈ 219 mm / 24 h. Source: AP — https://apnews.com/article/a16ad4720eddd6c0f7ea3b761f414e80

• Derna catchment, Libya — 2023‑09‑10/11. ~350 mm / 24 h (catchment‑avg). Source: Nature Communications — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-59261-9

• United Arab Emirates — 2024‑04‑16. Up to ~259.5 mm / 24 h (national record). Sources: ECMWF — https://www.ecmwf.int/en/newsletter/180/news/unprecedented-rainfall-united-arab-emirates ; AP — https://apnews.com/article/7bf3881efbea998dfa4c1ed8d538217c

• Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil — 2024‑05‑02. 249.4 mm / 24 h (Soledade, INMET). Source: INMET — https://portal.inmet.gov.br/noticias/eventos-extremos-chuva-acima-da-m%C3%A9dia-marcam-maio-de-2024